Rosario Gennaro

According to our database, Rosario Gennaro authored at least 123 papers between 1995 and 2024.

Collaborative distances:

• Dijkstra number of three.
• Erdős number of three.

2024

Natively Compatible Super-Efficient Lookup Arguments and How to Apply Them.

Matteo Campanelli, Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2024

How to Make Rational Arguments Practical and Extractable.

Matteo Campanelli, Chaya Ganesh, Rosario Gennaro

IACR Commun. Cryptol., 2024

2023

Guest editorial: Special issue on Mathematics of Zero-Knowledge.

Steven D. Galbraith, Rosario Gennaro, Carla Ràfols, Ron Steinfeld

Des. Codes Cryptogr., November, 2023

LURK: Lambda, the Ultimate Recursive Knowledge (Experience Report).

Nada Amin, John Burnham, François Garillot, Rosario Gennaro, Chhi'mèd Künzang, Daniel Rogozin, Cameron Wong

Proc. ACM Program. Lang., August, 2023

Testudo: Linear Time Prover SNARKs with Constant Size Proofs and Square Root Size Universal Setup.

Matteo Campanelli, Nicolas Gailly, Rosario Gennaro, Philipp Jovanovic, Mara Mihali, Justin Thaler

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2023

LURK: Lambda, the Ultimate Recursive Knowledge.

Nada Amin, John Burnham, François Garillot, Rosario Gennaro, Chhi'mèd Künzang, Daniel Rogozin, Cameron Wong

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2023

sfTestudo: Linear Time Prover SNARKs with Constant Size Proofs and Square Root Size Universal Setup.

Matteo Campanelli, Nicolas Gailly, Rosario Gennaro, Philipp Jovanovic, Mara Mihali, Justin Thaler

Proceedings of the Progress in Cryptology - LATINCRYPT 2023, 2023

Witness-Authenticated Key Exchange, Revisited: Extensions to Groups, Improved Models, Simpler Constructions.

Matteo Campanelli, Rosario Gennaro, Kelsey Melissaris, Luca Nizzardo

Proceedings of the Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 2023

2022

On the Impossibility of Algebraic Vector Commitments in Pairing-Free Groups.

Dario Catalano, Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro, Emanuele Giunta

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2022

Witness-Authenticated Key Exchange Revisited: Improved Models, Simpler Constructions, Extensions to Groups.

Matteo Campanelli, Rosario Gennaro, Kelsey Melissaris, Luca Nizzardo

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2022

2021

On the Cryptographic Deniability of the Signal Protocol.

Nihal Vatandas, Rosario Gennaro, Bertrand Ithurburn, Hugo Krawczyk

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2021

UC Non-Interactive, Proactive, Threshold ECDSA with Identifiable Aborts.

Ran Canetti, Rosario Gennaro, Steven Goldfeder, Nikolaos Makriyannis, Udi Peled

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2021

2020

One Round Threshold ECDSA with Identifiable Abort.

Rosario Gennaro, Steven Goldfeder

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2020

Publicly Evaluatable Perceptual Hashing.

Rosario Gennaro, David Hadaller, Tahereh Jafarikhah, Zhuobang Liu, William E. Skeith III, Anastasiia Timashova

Proceedings of the Applied Cryptography and Network Security, 2020

2019

Fast Multiparty Threshold ECDSA with Fast Trustless Setup.

Rosario Gennaro, Steven Goldfeder

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2019

2018

Lattice-Based zk-SNARKs from Square Span Programs.

Rosario Gennaro, Michele Minelli, Anca Nitulescu, Michele Orrù

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2018

Fine-Grained Secure Computation.

Matteo Campanelli, Rosario Gennaro

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2018

2017

A certificateless approach to onion routing.

Dario Catalano, Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro

Int. J. Inf. Sec., 2017

Zero-Knowledge Contingent Payments Revisited: Attacks and Payments for Services.

Matteo Campanelli, Rosario Gennaro, Steven Goldfeder, Luca Nizzardo

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2017

A Lattice-Based Universal Thresholdizer for Cryptographic Systems.

Dan Boneh, Rosario Gennaro, Steven Goldfeder, Sam Kim

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2017

Threshold Cryptosystems From Threshold Fully Homomorphic Encryption.

Dan Boneh, Rosario Gennaro, Steven Goldfeder, Aayush Jain, Sam Kim, Peter M. R. Rasmussen, Amit Sahai

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2017

Homomorphic Secret Sharing from Paillier Encryption.

Nelly Fazio, Rosario Gennaro, Tahereh Jafarikhah, William E. Skeith III

Proceedings of the Provable Security, 2017

Verifiable Outsourced Computation: A Survey.

Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, 2017

Using Level-1 Homomorphic Encryption to Improve Threshold DSA Signatures for Bitcoin Wallet Security.

Dan Boneh, Rosario Gennaro, Steven Goldfeder

Proceedings of the Progress in Cryptology - LATINCRYPT 2017, 2017

Efficient Rational Proofs for Space Bounded Computations.

Matteo Campanelli, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Decision and Game Theory for Security - 8th International Conference, 2017

Escrow Protocols for Cryptocurrencies: How to Buy Physical Goods Using Bitcoin.

Steven Goldfeder, Joseph Bonneau, Rosario Gennaro, Arvind Narayanan

Proceedings of the Financial Cryptography and Data Security, 2017

2016

Automata Evaluation and Text Search Protocols with Simulation-Based Security.

Rosario Gennaro, Carmit Hazay, Jeffrey S. Sorensen

J. Cryptol., 2016

Threshold-optimal DSA/ECDSA signatures and an application to Bitcoin wallet security.

Rosario Gennaro, Steven Goldfeder, Arvind Narayanan

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2016

2015

Algebraic (trapdoor) one-way functions: Constructions and applications.

Dario Catalano, Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro, Konstantinos Vamvourellis

Theor. Comput. Sci., 2015

Generalizing Homomorphic MACs for Arithmetic Circuits.

Dario Catalano, Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro, Luca Nizzardo

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2015

Sequentially Composable Rational Proofs.

Matteo Campanelli, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Decision and Game Theory for Security - 6th International Conference, 2015

Highly scalable verifiable encrypted search.

Whitney A. Drazen, Emmanuel Ekwedike, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security, 2015

2014

Verifiable Computation over Encrypted Data in the Presence of Verification Queries.

Rosario Gennaro, Valerio Pastro

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2014

Efficiently Verifiable Computation on Encrypted Data.

Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro, Valerio Pastro

Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2014

Combating Insider Attacks in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks with Broadcast Encryption.

Joseph Soryal, Irippuge Milinda Perera, Ihab Darwish, Nelly Fazio, Rosario Gennaro, Tarek N. Saadawi

Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 2014

2013

Fully non-interactive onion routing with forward secrecy.

Dario Catalano, Mario Di Raimondo, Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro, Orazio Puglisi

Int. J. Inf. Sec., 2013

Off-line/on-line signatures revisited: a general unifying paradigm, efficient threshold variants and experimental results.

Emmanuel Bresson, Dario Catalano, Mario Di Raimondo, Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro

Int. J. Inf. Sec., 2013

Hardcore Predicates for a Diffie-Hellman Problem over Finite Fields.

Nelly Fazio, Rosario Gennaro, Irippuge Milinda Perera, William E. Skeith III

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2013

Algebraic (Trapdoor) One-Way Functions and Their Applications.

Dario Catalano, Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro, Konstantinos Vamvourellis

Proceedings of the Theory of Cryptography - 10th Theory of Cryptography Conference, 2013

On the Relationship between Functional Encryption, Obfuscation, and Fully Homomorphic Encryption.

Joël Alwen, Manuel Barbosa, Pooya Farshim, Rosario Gennaro, S. Dov Gordon, Stefano Tessaro, David A. Wilson

Proceedings of the Cryptography and Coding - 14th IMA International Conference, 2013

Hard-Core Predicates for a Diffie-Hellman Problem over Finite Fields.

Nelly Fazio, Rosario Gennaro, Irippuge Milinda Perera, William E. Skeith III

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2013, 2013

2012

Relations between the security models for certificateless encryption and ID-based key agreement.

Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro, Nigel P. Smart

Int. J. Inf. Sec., 2012

Fully Homomorphic Message Authenticators.

Rosario Gennaro, Daniel Wichs

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2012

Quadratic Span Programs and Succinct NIZKs without PCPs.

Rosario Gennaro, Craig Gentry, Bryan Parno, Mariana Raykova

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2012

Improved Publicly Verifiable Delegation of Large Polynomials and Matrix Computations.

Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2012

Publicly Verifiable Delegation of Large Polynomials and Matrix Computations, with Applications.

Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2012

The Generalized Randomized Iterate and Its Application to New Efficient Constructions of UOWHFs from Regular One-Way Functions.

Scott Ames, Rosario Gennaro, Muthuramakrishnan Venkitasubramaniam

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2012, 2012

2011

Computational Extractors and Pseudorandomness.

Dana Dachman-Soled, Rosario Gennaro, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Malkin

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2011

Verifiable Delegation of Computation over Large Datasets.

Siavosh Benabbas, Rosario Gennaro, Yevgeniy Vahlis

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2011

2010

Identity-Based Key Exchange Protocols without Pairings.

Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro

Trans. Comput. Sci., 2010

A New and Improved Paradigm for Hybrid Encryption Secure Against Chosen-Ciphertext Attack.

Yvo Desmedt, Rosario Gennaro, Kaoru Kurosawa, Victor Shoup

J. Cryptol., 2010

Okamoto-Tanaka Revisited: Fully Authenticated Diffie-Hellman with Minimal Overhead.

Rosario Gennaro, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Rabin

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2010

Text Search Protocols with Simulation Based Security.

Rosario Gennaro, Carmit Hazay, Jeffrey S. Sorensen

Proceedings of the Public Key Cryptography, 2010

2009

New Approaches for Deniable Authentication.

Mario Di Raimondo, Rosario Gennaro

J. Cryptol., 2009

Secure Network Coding Over the Integers.

Rosario Gennaro, Jonathan Katz, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Rabin

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2009

More on Key Wrapping.

Rosario Gennaro, Shai Halevi

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2009

Non-Interactive Verifiable Computing: Outsourcing Computation to Untrusted Workers.

Rosario Gennaro, Craig Gentry, Bryan Parno

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2009

Constructing Certificateless Encryption and ID-Based Encryption from ID-Based Key Agreement.

Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro, Nigel P. Smart

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2009

Making the Diffie-Hellman Protocol Identity-Based.

Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2009

Certificateless onion routing.

Dario Catalano, Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the 2009 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2009

2008

Tag-KEM/DEM: A New Framework for Hybrid Encryption.

Masayuki Abe, Rosario Gennaro, Kaoru Kurosawa

J. Cryptol., 2008

Strongly-Resilient and Non-Interactive Hierarchical Key-Agreement in MANETs.

Rosario Gennaro, Shai Halevi, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Rabin, Steffen Reidt, Stephen D. Wolthusen

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2008

Threshold RSA for Dynamic and Ad-Hoc Groups.

Rosario Gennaro, Shai Halevi, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Rabin

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2008

Off-Line/On-Line Signatures: Theoretical Aspects and Experimental Results.

Dario Catalano, Mario Di Raimondo, Dario Fiore, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Public Key Cryptography, 2008

2007

Cramer-Damgård signatures revisited: Efficient flat-tree signatures based on factoring.

Dario Catalano, Rosario Gennaro

Theor. Comput. Sci., 2007

Robust and Efficient Sharing of RSA Functions.

Rosario Gennaro, Tal Rabin, Stanislaw Jarecki, Hugo Krawczyk

J. Cryptol., 2007

Secure Distributed Key Generation for Discrete-Log Based Cryptosystems.

Rosario Gennaro, Stanislaw Jarecki, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Rabin

J. Cryptol., 2007

Faster and Shorter Password-Authenticated Key Exchange.

Rosario Gennaro

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2007

Improved On-Line/Off-Line Threshold Signatures.

Emmanuel Bresson, Dario Catalano, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Public Key Cryptography, 2007

2006

A framework for password-based authenticated key exchange¹.

Rosario Gennaro, Yehuda Lindell

ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur., 2006

Provably secure threshold password-authenticated key exchange.

Mario Di Raimondo, Rosario Gennaro

J. Comput. Syst. Sci., 2006

Randomness in Cryptography.

Rosario Gennaro

IEEE Secur. Priv., 2006

Deniable Authentication and Key Exchange.

Mario Di Raimondo, Rosario Gennaro, Hugo Krawczyk

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2006

Independent Zero-Knowledge Sets.

Rosario Gennaro, Silvio Micali

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2006

2005

Bounds on the Efficiency of Generic Cryptographic Constructions.

Rosario Gennaro, Yael Gertner, Jonathan Katz, Luca Trevisan

SIAM J. Comput., 2005

An Improved Pseudo-Random Generator Based on the Discrete Logarithm Problem.

Rosario Gennaro

J. Cryptol., 2005

Secure multiplication of shared secrets in the exponent.

Rosario Gennaro, Mario Di Raimondo

Inf. Process. Lett., 2005

Secure off-the-record messaging.

Mario Di Raimondo, Rosario Gennaro, Hugo Krawczyk

Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society, 2005

Tag-KEM/DEM: A New Framework for Hybrid Encryption and A New Analysis of Kurosawa-Desmedt KEM.

Masayuki Abe, Rosario Gennaro, Kaoru Kurosawa, Victor Shoup

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology, 2005

2004

A Note on An Encryption Scheme of Kurosawa and Desmedt.

Rosario Gennaro, Victor Shoup

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2004

Secure Hashed Diffie-Hellman over Non-DDH Groups.

Rosario Gennaro, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Rabin

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2004

Algorithmic Tamper-Proof (ATP) Security: Theoretical Foundations for Security against Hardware Tampering.

Rosario Gennaro, Anna Lysyanskaya, Tal Malkin, Silvio Micali, Tal Rabin

Proceedings of the Theory of Cryptography, First Theory of Cryptography Conference, 2004

Multi-trapdoor Commitments and Their Applications to Proofs of Knowledge Secure Under Concurrent Man-in-the-Middle Attacks.

Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology, 2004

Randomness Extraction and Key Derivation Using the CBC, Cascade and HMAC Modes.

Yevgeniy Dodis, Rosario Gennaro, Johan Håstad, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Rabin

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology, 2004

Batching Schnorr Identification Scheme with Applications to Privacy-Preserving Authorization and Low-Bandwidth Communication Devices.

Rosario Gennaro, Darren Leigh, Ravi Sundaram, William S. Yerazunis

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology, 2004

2003

A Framework for Password-Based Authenticated Key Exchange.

Rosario Gennaro, Yehuda Lindell

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2003

Multi-Trapdoor Commitments and their Applications to Non-Malleable Protocols.

Rosario Gennaro

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2003

Lower bounds on the efficiency of encryption and digital signature schemes.

Rosario Gennaro, Yael Gertner, Jonathan Katz

Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 2003

Secure Applications of Pedersen's Distributed Key Generation Protocol.

Rosario Gennaro, Stanislaw Jarecki, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Rabin

Proceedings of the Topics in Cryptology, 2003

2002

Securing Threshold Cryptosystems against Chosen Ciphertext Attack.

Victor Shoup, Rosario Gennaro

J. Cryptol., 2002

Paillier's Trapdoor Function Hides up to <i>O</i>(<i>n</i>) Bits.

Dario Catalano, Rosario Gennaro, Nick Howgrave-Graham

J. Cryptol., 2002

Cryptographic Algorithms for Multimedia Traffic.

Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Foundations of Security Analysis and Design II, 2002

Cryptanalysis of a Pseudorandom Generator Based on Braid Groups.

Rosario Gennaro, Daniele Micciancio

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT 2002, International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 28, 2002

On 2-Round Secure Multiparty Computation.

Rosario Gennaro, Yuval Ishai, Eyal Kushilevitz, Tal Rabin

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology, 2002

2001

How to Sign Digital Streams.

Rosario Gennaro, Pankaj Rohatgi

Inf. Comput., 2001

Robust Threshold DSS Signatures.

Rosario Gennaro, Stanislaw Jarecki, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Rabin

Inf. Comput., 2001

The round complexity of verifiable secret sharing and secure multicast.

Rosario Gennaro, Yuval Ishai, Eyal Kushilevitz, Tal Rabin

Proceedings of the Proceedings on 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 2001

The Bit Security of Paillier's Encryption Scheme and Its Applications.

Dario Catalano, Rosario Gennaro, Nick Howgrave-Graham

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology, 2001

Pseudo-random Number Generation on the IBM 4758 Secure Crypto Coprocessor.

Nick Howgrave-Graham, Joan G. Dyer, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2001

Paillier's cryptosystem revisited.

Dario Catalano, Rosario Gennaro, Nick Howgrave-Graham, Phong Q. Nguyen

Proceedings of the CCS 2001, 2001

2000

A Protocol to Achieve Independence in Constant Rounds.

Rosario Gennaro

IEEE Trans. Parallel Distributed Syst., 2000

Secure distributed storage and retrieval.

Juan A. Garay, Rosario Gennaro, Charanjit S. Jutla, Tal Rabin

Theor. Comput. Sci., 2000

RSA-Based Undeniable Signatures.

Rosario Gennaro, Tal Rabin, Hugo Krawczyk

J. Cryptol., 2000

New Efficient and Secure Protocols for Verifiable Signature Sharing and Other Applications.

Dario Catalano, Rosario Gennaro

J. Comput. Syst. Sci., 2000

Lower Bounds on the Efficiency of Generic Cryptographic Constructions

Rosario Gennaro, Luca Trevisan

Electron. Colloquium Comput. Complex., 2000

Color opponency watermarking scheme for digital images.

Sebastiano Battiato, Dario Catalano, Giovanni Gallo, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents II, 2000

Computing Inverses over a Shared Secret Modulus.

Dario Catalano, Rosario Gennaro, Shai Halevi

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology, 2000

An Improved Pseudo-random Generator Based on Discrete Log.

Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology, 2000

IBM Comments.

Don Coppersmith, Rosario Gennaro, Shai Halevi, Charanjit S. Jutla, Stephen M. Matyas, Mohammad Peyravian, David Safford, Nevenko Zunic

Proceedings of the Third Advanced Encryption Standard Candidate Conference, 2000

1999

Secure Hash-and-Sign Signatures without the Random Oracle.

Rosario Gennaro, Shai Halevi, Tal Rabin

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 1999

Robust Watermarking for Images Based on Color Manipulation.

Sebastiano Battiato, Dario Catalano, Giovanni Gallo, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Information Hiding, Third International Workshop, 1999

Adaptive Security for Threshold Cryptosystems.

Ran Canetti, Rosario Gennaro, Stanislaw Jarecki, Hugo Krawczyk, Tal Rabin

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology, 1999

1998

An Efficient Non-Interactive Statistical Zero-Knowledge Proof System for Quasi-Safe Prime Products.

Rosario Gennaro, Daniele Micciancio, Tal Rabin

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 1998

Simplified VSS and Fast-Track Multiparty Computations with Applications to Threshold Cryptography.

Rosario Gennaro, Michael O. Rabin, Tal Rabin

Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, 1998

1997

A secure and optimally efficient multi-authority election scheme.

Ronald Cramer, Rosario Gennaro, Berry Schoenmakers

Eur. Trans. Telecommun., 1997

Two-phase cryptographic key recovery system.

Rosario Gennaro, Paul A. Karger, Stephen M. Matyas, Mohammad Peyravian, Allen Roginsky, David Safford, Michael Willett, Nevenko Zunic

Comput. Secur., 1997

1996

Theory and practice of verifiable secret sharing.

Rosario Gennaro

PhD thesis, 1996

Incoercible Multiparty Computation.

Ran Canetti, Rosario Gennaro

IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 1996

Incoercible Multiparty Computation (extended abstract).

Ran Canetti, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the 37th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 1996

Probabilistic Verification of Elementary Geometry Statements.

Giuseppa Carrà Ferro, Giovanni Gallo, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Automated Deduction in Geometry, 1996

1995

Achieving Independence Efficiently and Securely.

Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing, 1995

Verifiable Secret Sharing as Secure Computation.

Rosario Gennaro, Silvio Micali

Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology, 1995

On Learning from Noisy and Incomplete Examples.

Scott E. Decatur, Rosario Gennaro

Proceedings of the Eigth Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, 1995