Mikko Kurimo
Orcid: 0000-0001-5278-7974Affiliations:
- Aalto University, Finland
According to our database1,
Mikko Kurimo
authored at least 213 papers
between 1991 and 2024.
Collaborative distances:
Collaborative distances:
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on orcid.org
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on cis.hut.fi
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Bibliography
2024
Spectral warping based data augmentation for low resource children's speaker verification.
Multim. Tools Appl., May, 2024
Principled Comparisons for End-to-End Speech Recognition: Attention vs Hybrid at the 1000-Hour Scale.
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2024
From Raw Speech to Fixed Representations: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Speech Embedding Techniques.
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2024
Speech Commun., 2024
Proceedings of the International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications, 2024
Proceedings of the 5th on Multimodal Sentiment Analysis Challenge and Workshop: Social Perception and Humor, 2024
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2024
Collecting Linguistic Resources for Assessing Children's Pronunciation of Nordic Languages.
Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2024
2023
Lang. Resour. Evaluation, September, 2023
On Using Distribution-Based Compositionality Assessment to Evaluate Compositional Generalisation in Machine Translation.
CoRR, 2023
IEEE Access, 2023
Proceedings of the Text, Speech, and Dialogue - 26th International Conference, 2023
Effect of Linear Prediction Order to Modify Formant Locations for Children Speech Recognition.
Proceedings of the Speech and Computer - 25th International Conference, 2023
New data, benchmark and baseline for L2 speaking assessment for low-resource languages.
Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education, 2023
A pronunciation Scoring System Embedded into Children's Foreign Language Learning Games with Experimental Verification of Learning Benefits.
Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education, 2023
Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education, 2023
Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2023
Evaluating Morphological Generalisation in Machine Translation by Distribution-Based Compositionality Assessment.
Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2023
Discovering Relevant Sub-spaces of BERT, Wav2Vec 2.0, ELECTRA and ViT Embeddings for Humor and Mimicked Emotion Recognition with Integrated Gradients.
Proceedings of the 4th on Multimodal Sentiment Analysis Challenge and Workshop: Mimicked Emotions, 2023
Advancing Audio Emotion and Intent Recognition with Large Pre-Trained Models and Bayesian Inference.
Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia, 2023
Investigating wav2vec2 context representations and the effects of fine-tuning, a case-study of a Finnish model.
Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2023
Topic Identification for Spontaneous Speech: Enriching Audio Features with Embedded Linguistic Information.
Proceedings of the 31st European Signal Processing Conference, 2023
2022
J. Signal Process. Syst., December, 2022
Speech Commun., 2022
CoRR, 2022
Proceedings of the IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop, 2022
Wav2vec2-based Paralinguistic Systems to Recognise Vocalised Emotions and Stuttering.
Proceedings of the MM '22: The 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia, Lisboa, Portugal, October 10, 2022
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2022
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2022
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2022
Tracing Signs of Urbanity in the Finnish Fiction Film of the 1950s: Toward a Multimodal Analysis of Audiovisual Data.
Proceedings of the 6th Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries Conference (DHNB 2022), 2022
When to Laugh and How Hard? A Multimodal Approach to Detecting Humor and Its Intensity.
Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2022
2021
Morphologically motivated word classes for very large vocabulary speech recognition of Finnish and Estonian.
Comput. Speech Lang., 2021
Comput. Speech Lang., 2021
Proceedings of the Text, Speech, and Dialogue - 24th International Conference, 2021
Proceedings of the Text, Speech, and Dialogue - 24th International Conference, 2021
An Equal Data Setting for Attention-Based Encoder-Decoder and HMM/DNN Models: A Case Study in Finnish ASR.
Proceedings of the Speech and Computer - 23rd International Conference, 2021
Proceedings of the Speech and Computer - 23rd International Conference, 2021
Proceedings of the 23rd Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2021
Spectral modification for recognition of children's speech undermismatched conditions.
Proceedings of the 23rd Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2021
Speaker Verification Experiments for Adults and Children Using Shared Embedding Spaces.
Proceedings of the 23rd Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2021
Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Interspeech 2021, Brno, Czechia, August 30, 2021
Vowel Non-Vowel Based Spectral Warping and Time Scale Modification for Improvement in Children's ASR.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2021
2020
Brain activity reflects the predictability of word sequences in listened continuous speech.
NeuroImage, 2020
Transfer learning and subword sampling for asymmetric-resource one-to-many neural translation.
Mach. Transl., 2020
Aalto's End-to-End DNN systems for the INTERSPEECH 2020 Computational Paralinguistics Challenge.
CoRR, 2020
Using Fan-Made Content, Subtitles and Face Recognition for Character-Centric Video Summarization.
Proceedings of the 2020 TREC Video Retrieval Evaluation, 2020
Effects of Language Relatedness for Cross-lingual Transfer Learning in Character-Based Language Models.
Proceedings of the 1st Joint Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for Under-resourced languages and Collaboration and Computing for Under-Resourced Languages, 2020
Proceedings of the AI4TV '20: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on AI for Smart TV Content Production, 2020
Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Machine Learning Methods in Visualisation for Big Data, 2020
Morfessor EM+Prune: Improved Subword Segmentation with Expectation Maximization and Pruning.
Proceedings of The 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, 2020
Releasing a Toolkit and Comparing the Performance of Language Embeddings Across Various Spoken Language Identification Datasets.
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2020
FinChat: Corpus and Evaluation Setup for Finnish Chat Conversations on Everyday Topics.
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2020
Data Augmentation Using Prosody and False Starts to Recognize Non-Native Children's Speech.
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2020
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2020
Speaker-Aware Training of Attention-Based End-to-End Speech Recognition Using Neural Speaker Embeddings.
Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2020
Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2020
Service registration chatbot: collecting and comparing dialogues from AMT workers and service's users.
Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text, 2020
2019
A user study to compare two conversational assistants designed for people with hearing impairments.
Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies, 2019
Computer-supported form design using keystroke-level modeling with reinforcement learning.
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces: Companion, 2019
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, 2019
Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2019
Transparent Pronunciation Scoring Using Articulatorily Weighted Phoneme Edit Distance.
Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2019
Proceedings of the IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop, 2019
2018
User Experiences from L2 Children Using a Speech Learning Application: Implications for Developing Speech Training Applications for Children.
Adv. Hum. Comput. Interact., 2018
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers, 2018
Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Shared Task Papers, 2018
First-Pass Techniques for Very Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition ff Morphologically Rich Languages.
Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop, 2018
Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Spoken Language Translation, 2018
Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2018
The Aalto system based on fine-tuned AudioSet features for DCASE2018 task2 - general purpose audio tagging.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events, 2018
2017
Automatic Speech Recognition With Very Large Conversational Finnish and Estonian Vocabularies.
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2017
Lang. Resour. Evaluation, 2017
Extending hybrid word-character neural machine translation with multi-task learning of morphological analysis.
Proceedings of the Second Conference on Machine Translation, 2017
Proceedings of the 7th ISCA International Workshop on Speech and Language Technology in Education, 2017
Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2017
Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2017
Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2017
Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2017
Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2017
LDA-based context dependent recurrent neural network language model using document-based topic distribution of words.
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2017
ASR in Classroom Today: Automatic Visualization of Conceptual Network in Science Classrooms.
Proceedings of the Data Driven Approaches in Digital Education, 2017
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop, 2017
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop, 2017
2016
Lang. Resour. Evaluation, 2016
Comparing human and automatic speech recognition in a perceptual restoration experiment.
Comput. Speech Lang., 2016
Comput. Linguistics, 2016
Proceedings of the First Conference on Machine Translation, 2016
Proceedings of the Speech and Computer - 18th International Conference, 2016
Class n-Gram Models for Very Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition of Finnish and Estonian.
Proceedings of the Statistical Language and Speech Processing, 2016
Proceedings of the Dialogues with Social Robots, 2016
Digitala: An Augmented Test and Review Process Prototype for High-Stakes Spoken Foreign Language Examination.
Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2016
Recurrent Neural Network Language Model with Incremental Updated Context Information Generated Using Bag-of-Words Representation.
Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2016
Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2016
Experiments on Adaptation Methods to Improve Acoustic Modeling for French Speech Recognition.
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, 2016
2015
Bounded Conditional Mean Imputation with Observation Uncertainties and Acoustic Model Adaptation.
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2015
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2015
Tuning Phrase-Based Segmented Translation for a Morphologically Complex Target Language.
Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, 2015
Unsupervised and User Feedback Based Lexicon Adaptation for Foreign Names and Acronyms.
Proceedings of the Statistical Language and Speech Processing, 2015
Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2015
Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vision and Language, 2015
2014
Noise in HMM-Based Speech Synthesis Adaptation: Analysis, Evaluation Methods and Experiments.
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process., 2014
Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop, 2014
Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, 2014
Spectral tilt modelling with extrapolated GMMs for intelligibility enhancement of narrowband telephone speech.
Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Acoustic Signal Enhancement, 2014
Spectral tilt modelling with GMMs for intelligibility enhancement of narrowband telephone speech.
Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2014
On the role of missing data imputation and NMF feature enhancement in building synthetic voices using reverberant speech.
Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2014
Unsupervised feature extraction for multimedia event detection and ranking using audio content.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2014
Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014
Accelerated Estimation of Conditional Random Fields using a Pseudo-Likelihood-inspired Perceptron Variant.
Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014
Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014
Morfessor FlatCat: An HMM-Based Method for Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning of Morphology.
Proceedings of the COLING 2014, 2014
Part-of-Speech Tagging using Conditional Random Fields: Exploiting Sub-Label Dependencies for Improved Accuracy.
Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014
2013
Personalising speech-to-speech translation: Unsupervised cross-lingual speaker adaptation for HMM-based speech synthesis.
Comput. Speech Lang., 2013
Proceedings of the 2013 TREC Video Retrieval Evaluation, 2013
Proceedings of the Eighth ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Speech Synthesis, 2013
Robust spectral representation using group delay function and stabilized weighted linear prediction for additive noise degradations.
Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Speech Technology and Human-Computer Dialogue, 2013
Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Speech Technology and Human-Computer Dialogue, 2013
Proceedings of the Speech and Computer - 15th International Conference, 2013
Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation: Papers, 2013
Lombard modified text-to-speech synthesis for improved intelligibility: submission for the hurricane challenge 2013.
Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2013
Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2013
Robust formant detection using group delay function and stabilized weighted linear prediction.
Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2013
Analysis of breathy, modal and pressed phonation based on low frequency spectral density.
Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2013
HMM-based speech synthesis adaptation using noisy data: Analysis and evaluation methods.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2013
Supervised Morphological Segmentation in a Low-Resource Learning Setting using Conditional Random Fields.
Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, 2013
Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, 2013
2012
Analysis of Extended Baum-Welch and Constrained Optimization for Discriminative Training of HMMs.
IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2012
Bandwidth Extension of Telephone Speech to Low Frequencies Using Sinusoidal Synthesis and a Gaussian Mixture Model.
IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2012
Proceedings of the Workshop: Will We Ever Really Replace the N-gram Model? On the Future of Language Modeling for HLT, 2012
Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2012
Improving Discriminative Training for Robust Acoustic Models in Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition.
Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2012
Creating synthetic voices for children by adapting adult average voice using stacked transformations and VTLN.
Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2012
Proceedings of the Human Language Technologies - The Baltic Perspective, 2012
2011
Speech retrieval from unsegmented finnish audio using statistical morpheme-like units for segmentation, recognition, and retrieval.
ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process., 2011
Trait. Autom. des Langues, 2011
IEEE Signal Process. Lett., 2011
A Study on Combining VTLN and SAT to Improve the Performance of Automatic Speech Recognition.
Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2011
Low-Frequency Bandwidth Extension of Telephone Speech Using Sinusoidal Synthesis and Gaussian Mixture Model.
Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2011
Noise Robust Feature Extraction Based on Extended Weighted Linear Prediction in LVCSR.
Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2011
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2011
Speech bandwidth extension using Gaussian mixture model-based estimation of the highband mel spectrum.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2011
2010
Thousands of Voices for HMM-Based Speech Synthesis-Analysis and Application of TTS Systems Built on Various ASR Corpora.
IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2010
Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation and MetricsMATR, 2010
Speaker adaptation and the evaluation of speaker similarity in the EMIME speech-to-speech translation project.
Proceedings of the Seventh ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Speech Synthesis, 2010
Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop, 2010
Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the ACL Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology, 2010
Efficient estimation of maximum entropy language models with n-gram features: an SRILM extension.
Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2010
Unsupervised cross-lingual speaker adaptation for HMM-based speech synthesis using two-pass decision tree construction.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2010
Proceedings of the 18th European Signal Processing Conference, 2010
Proceedings of the ACL 2010, 2010
Proceedings of the ACL 2010, 2010
2009
IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2009
Morpho Challenge - Evaluation of algorithms for unsupervised learning of morphology in various tasks and languages.
Proceedings of the Human Language Technologies: Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Proceedings, May 31, 2009
Proceedings of the Human Language Technologies: Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Proceedings, May 31, 2009
Minimum Bayes Risk Combination of Translation Hypotheses from Alternative Morphological Decompositions.
Proceedings of the Human Language Technologies: Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Proceedings, May 31, 2009
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2009
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2009
Robust automatic speech recognition using acoustic model adaptation prior to missing feature reconstruction.
Proceedings of the 17th European Signal Processing Conference, 2009
Proceedings of the Multilingual Information Access Evaluation I. Text Retrieval Experiments, 2009
2008
Proceedings of the Third International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, 2008
Missing feature reconstruction and acoustic model adaptation combined for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition.
Proceedings of the 2008 16th European Signal Processing Conference, 2008
Unsupervised Morpheme Analysis Evaluation by a Comparison to a Linguistic Gold Standard - Morpho Challenge 2008.
Proceedings of the Working Notes for CLEF 2008 Workshop co-located with the 12th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2008) , 2008
Proceedings of the Evaluating Systems for Multilingual and Multimodal Information Access, 2008
Proceedings of the Working Notes for CLEF 2008 Workshop co-located with the 12th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2008) , 2008
Proceedings of the Evaluating Systems for Multilingual and Multimodal Information Access, 2008
2007
Morph-based speech recognition and modeling of out-of-vocabulary words across languages.
ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process., 2007
Proceedings of the SIGIR 2007: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 2007
Analysis of Morph-Based Speech Recognition and the Modeling of Out-of-Vocabulary Words Across Languages.
Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics, 2007
Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2007
Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2007
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2007
Unsupervised Morpheme Analysis Evaluation by a Comparison to a Linguistic Gold Standard - Morpho Challenge 2007.
Proceedings of the Working Notes for CLEF 2007 Workshop co-located with the 11th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2007), 2007
Proceedings of the Advances in Multilingual and Multimodal Information Retrieval, 2007
Proceedings of the Working Notes for CLEF 2007 Workshop co-located with the 11th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2007), 2007
Proceedings of the Working Notes for CLEF 2007 Workshop co-located with the 11th European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2007), 2007
Proceedings of the ACL 2007, 2007
2006
Unlimited vocabulary speech recognition with morph language models applied to Finnish.
Comput. Speech Lang., 2006
Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics, 2006
Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 2006
Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 2006
Unsupervised segmentation of words into morphemes - morpho challenge 2005 application to automatic speech recognition.
Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 2006
2005
SpeechFind: Advances in Spoken Document Retrieval for a National Gallery of the Spoken Word.
IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2005
Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 2005
Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 2005
2004
Proceedings of the Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction, 2004
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 2004
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 2004
Language modeling structures in audio transcription for retrieval of historical speeches.
Proceedings of the 2004 12th European Signal Processing Conference, 2004
2003
Unlimited vocabulary speech recognition based on morphs discovered in an unsupervised manner.
Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, EUROSPEECH 2003, 2003
Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, EUROSPEECH 2003, 2003
2002
Speech Commun., 2002
Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Workshop on Neural Networks for Signal Processing, 2002
Proceedings of the Artificial Neural Networks, 2002
2001
Large vocabulary statistical language modeling for continuous speech recognition in finnish.
Proceedings of the EUROSPEECH 2001 Scandinavia, 2001
2000
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2000
Proceedings of the 10th European Signal Processing Conference, 2000
1998
Improving vocabulary independent HMM decoding results by using the dynamically expanding context.
Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 1998
Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks, 1998
1997
Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 1997
1996
Using the self-organizing map to speed up the probability density estimation for speech recognition with mixture density HMMs.
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 1996
Proceedings of the 8th European Signal Processing Conference, 1996
1993
Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 1993
1992
Application of self-organizing maps and LVQ in training continuous density hidden Markov models for phonemes.
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 1992
1991
Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 1991