Carlos Busso
Orcid: 0000-0002-4075-4072Affiliations:
- University of Texas at Dallas
According to our database1,
Carlos Busso
authored at least 202 papers
between 2004 and 2025.
Collaborative distances:
Collaborative distances:
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on utdallas.edu
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on orcid.org
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Bibliography
2025
Speech emotion recognition in real static and dynamic human-robot interaction scenarios.
Comput. Speech Lang., 2025
2024
Selective Acoustic Feature Enhancement for Speech Emotion Recognition With Noisy Speech.
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2024
Analyzing Continuous-Time and Sentence-Level Annotations for Speech Emotion Recognition.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2024
Speech Commun., 2024
Describe Where You Are: Improving Noise-Robustness for Speech Emotion Recognition with Text Description of the Environment.
CoRR, 2024
CoRR, 2024
CoRR, 2024
emoDARTS: Joint Optimisation of CNN & Sequential Neural Network Architectures for Superior Speech Emotion Recognition.
CoRR, 2024
emoDARTS: Joint Optimization of CNN and Sequential Neural Network Architectures for Superior Speech Emotion Recognition.
IEEE Access, 2024
Odyssey 2024 - Speech Emotion Recognition Challenge: Dataset, Baseline Framework, and Results.
Proceedings of the Odyssey 2024: The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop, 2024
Proceedings of the Odyssey 2024: The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop, 2024
Proceedings of the Odyssey 2024: The Speaker and Language Recognition Workshop, 2024
Driver Head Pose Estimation with Multimodal Temporal Fusion of Color and Depth Modeling Networks.
Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2024
Revealing Emotional Clusters in Speaker Embeddings: A Contrastive Learning Strategy for Speech Emotion Recognition.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2024
Generalization of Self-Supervised Learning-Based Representations for Cross-Domain Speech Emotion Recognition.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2024
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2024
Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2024
2023
Multimodal attention for lip synthesis using conditional generative adversarial networks.
Speech Commun., September, 2023
IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh., April, 2023
Estimation of Driver's Gaze Region From Head Position and Orientation Using Probabilistic Confidence Regions.
IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh., January, 2023
Aligning Small Datasets Using Domain Adversarial Learning: Applications in Automated in Vivo Oral Cancer Diagnosis.
IEEE J. Biomed. Health Informatics, 2023
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2023
Chunk-Level Speech Emotion Recognition: A General Framework of Sequence-to-One Dynamic Temporal Modeling.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2023
Versatile Audio-Visual Learning for Handling Single and Multi Modalities in Emotion Regression and Classification Tasks.
CoRR, 2023
Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2023
Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2023
MSP-DISK: Naturalistic and Diverse In-Vehicle Database for Joint Pose and Seat Belt Detection.
Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2023
Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2023
Computation and Memory Efficient Noise Adaptation of Wav2Vec2.0 for Noisy Speech Emotion Recognition with Skip Connection Adapters.
Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2023
Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2023
The Importance of Calibration: Rethinking Confidence and Performance of Speech Multi-label Emotion Classifiers.
Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2023
Enhancing Resilience to Missing Data in Audio-Text Emotion Recognition with Multi-Scale Chunk Regularization.
Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 2023
Phonetic Anchor-Based Transfer Learning to Facilitate Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Speech Emotion Recognition.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2023
Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Preference Learning Based Speech Emotion Recognition.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2023
Role of Lexical Boundary Information in Chunk-Level Segmentation for Speech Emotion Recognition.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2023
Adapting a Self-Supervised Speech Representation for Noisy Speech Emotion Recognition by Using Contrastive Teacher-Student Learning.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2023
Learning Cross-Modal Audiovisual Representations with Ladder Networks for Emotion Recognition.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2023
Combining Relative and Absolute Learning Formulations to Predict Emotional Attributes From Speech.
Proceedings of the IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop, 2023
An Intelligent Infrastructure Toward Large Scale Naturalistic Affective Speech Corpora Collection.
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 2023
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 2023
2022
The Multimodal Driver Monitoring Database: A Naturalistic Corpus to Study Driver Attention.
IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2022
IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2022
Unsupervised Personalization of an Emotion Recognition System: The Unique Properties of the Externalization of Valence in Speech.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2022
Robust Audiovisual Emotion Recognition: Aligning Modalities, Capturing Temporal Information, and Handling Missing Features.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2022
CoRR, 2022
Driving Anomaly Detection Using Contrastive Multiview Coding to Interpret Cause of Anomaly.
Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2022
Improving Speech Emotion Recognition Using Self-Supervised Learning with Domain-Specific Audiovisual Tasks.
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2022
Exploiting Co-occurrence Frequency of Emotions in Perceptual Evaluations To Train A Speech Emotion Classifier.
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2022
Privacy Preserving Personalization for Video Facial Expression Recognition Using Federated Learning.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 2022
Incorporating Gaze Behavior Using Joint Embedding With Scene Context for Driver Takeover Detection.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2022
Not All Features are Equal: Selection of Robust Features for Speech Emotion Recognition in Noisy Environments.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2022
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2022
Exploiting Annotators' Typed Description of Emotion Perception to Maximize Utilization of Ratings for Speech Emotion Recognition.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2022
Monologue versus Conversation: Differences in Emotion Perception and Acoustic Expressivity.
Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 2022
2021
IEEE Trans. Multim., 2021
Guided Generative Adversarial Neural Network for Representation Learning and Audio Generation Using Fewer Labelled Audio Data.
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2021
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2021
Speech-Driven Expressive Talking Lips with Conditional Sequential Generative Adversarial Networks.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2021
Predicting Emotionally Salient Regions Using Qualitative Agreement of Deep Neural Network Regressors.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2021
Over-Sampling Emotional Speech Data Based on Subjective Evaluations Provided by Multiple Individuals.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2021
Deep Representation Learning for Affective Speech Signal Analysis and Processing: Preventing unwanted signal disparities.
IEEE Signal Process. Mag., 2021
Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Interspeech 2021, Brno, Czechia, August 30, 2021
Separation of Emotional and Reconstruction Embeddings on Ladder Network to Improve Speech Emotion Recognition Robustness in Noisy Conditions.
Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Interspeech 2021, Brno, Czechia, August 30, 2021
Deepemocluster: a Semi-Supervised Framework for Latent Cluster Representation of Speech Emotions.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2021
End-to-End Neural Network for Feature Extraction and Cancer Diagnosis of In Vivo Fluorescence Lifetime Images of Oral Lesions.
Proceedings of the 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society, 2021
Generative Approach Using Soft-Labels to Learn Uncertainty in Predicting Emotional Attributes <sup>*</sup>.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 2021
Proceedings of the Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents: 20 Years of Research on Embodied Conversational Agents, 2021
2020
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2020
Multimodal emotion recognition: Understanding the production process before modeling multimodal behaviors.
Proceedings of the 2020 Workshop on Speech, Music and Mind, 2020
Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2020
Use of Triplet-Loss Function to Improve Driving Anomaly Detection Using Conditional Generative Adversarial Network.
Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2020
Ensemble of Students Taught by Probabilistic Teachers to Improve Speech Emotion Recognition.
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2020
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2020
An Efficient Temporal Modeling Approach for Speech Emotion Recognition by Mapping Varied Duration Sentences into Fixed Number of Chunks.
Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2020
Proceedings of the ICMI '20: International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 2020
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2020
Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2020
Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2020
2019
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2019
Building Naturalistic Emotionally Balanced Speech Corpus by Retrieving Emotional Speech from Existing Podcast Recordings.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2019
End-to-end audiovisual speech activity detection with bimodal recurrent neural models.
Speech Commun., 2019
Report of 2017 NSF Workshop on Multimedia Challenges, Opportunities and Research Roadmaps.
CoRR, 2019
IEEE Access, 2019
IEEE Access, 2019
Analysis of the Relationship Between Physiological Signals and Vehicle Maneuvers During a Naturalistic Driving Study.
Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, 2019
Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2019
Driving Anomaly Detection with Conditional Generative Adversarial Network using Physiological and CAN-Bus Data.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 2019
Estimation of Gaze Region Using Two Dimensional Probabilistic Maps Constructed Using Convolutional Neural Networks.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2019
Retrieving Speech Samples with Similar Emotional Content Using a Triplet Loss Function.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2019
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos, 2019
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 2019
2018
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2018
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2018
Image Vis. Comput., 2018
Probabilistic Estimation of the Gaze Region of the Driver using Dense Classification.
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2018
Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2018
Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2018
Ladder Networks for Emotion Recognition: Using Unsupervised Auxiliary Tasks to Improve Predictions of Emotional Attributes.
Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2018
Preference-Learning with Qualitative Agreement for Sentence Level Emotional Annotations.
Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2018
Predicting Categorical Emotions by Jointly Learning Primary and Secondary Emotions through Multitask Learning.
Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2018
Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2018
FI-CAP: Robust Framework to Benchmark Head Pose Estimation in Challenging Environments.
Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2018
Novel Realizations of Speech-Driven Head Movements with Generative Adversarial Networks.
Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2018
Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2018
Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition, 2018
2017
The Cost of Dichotomizing Continuous Labels for Binary Classification Problems: Deriving a Bayesian-Optimal Classifier.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2017
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2017
Driver Modeling for Detection and Assessment of Driver Distraction: Examples from the UTDrive Test Bed.
IEEE Signal Process. Mag., 2017
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Visual Communications and Image Processing, 2017
Joint Learning of Speech-Driven Facial Motion with Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory.
Proceedings of the Intelligent Virtual Agents - 17th International Conference, 2017
Challenges in head pose estimation of drivers in naturalistic recordings using existing tools.
Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2017
Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2017
Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2017
Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2017
A Stepwise Analysis of Aggregated Crowdsourced Labels Describing Multimodal Emotional Behaviors.
Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2017
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2017
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2017
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2017
Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2017
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 2017
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 2017
Formulating emotion perception as a probabilistic model with application to categorical emotion classification.
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 2017
2016
Detecting Drivers' Mirror-Checking Actions and Its Application to Maneuver and Secondary Task Recognition.
IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2016
IEEE ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process., 2016
Facial Expression Recognition in the Presence of Speech Using Blind Lexical Compensation.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2016
The Geneva Minimalistic Acoustic Parameter Set (GeMAPS) for Voice Research and Affective Computing.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2016
Increasing the Reliability of Crowdsourcing Evaluations Using Online Quality Assessment.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2016
The USC CreativeIT database of multimodal dyadic interactions: from speech and full body motion capture to continuous emotional annotations.
Lang. Resour. Evaluation, 2016
Analyzing the relationship between head pose and gaze to model driver visual attention.
Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2016
Improving Boundary Estimation in Audiovisual Speech Activity Detection Using Bayesian Information Criterion.
Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2016
A Portable Automatic PA-TA-KA Syllable Detection System to Derive Biomarkers for Neurological Disorders.
Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2016
Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2016
Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2016
Retrieving Categorical Emotions Using a Probabilistic Framework to Define Preference Learning Samples.
Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2016
Practical considerations on the use of preference learning for ranking emotional speech.
Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2016
A multimodal analysis of synchrony during dyadic interaction using a metric based on sequential pattern mining.
Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2016
Automatic composition of broadcast news summaries using rank classifiers trained with acoustic and lexical features.
Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2016
Tradeoff between quality and quantity of emotional annotations to characterize expressive behaviors.
Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2016
2015
Predicting Perceived Visual and Cognitive Distractions of Drivers With Multimodal Features.
IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., 2015
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2015
Correcting Time-Continuous Emotional Labels by Modeling the Reaction Lag of Evaluators.
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2015
IEEE Access, 2015
An unsupervised visual-only voice activity detection approach using temporal orofacial features.
Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2015
Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, Seattle, WA, USA, November 09, 2015
Adjacent Vehicle Collision Warning System using Image Sensor and Inertial Measurement Unit.
Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, Seattle, WA, USA, November 09, 2015
Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2015
Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2015
MSP-AVATAR corpus: Motion capture recordings to study the role of discourse functions in the design of intelligent virtual agents.
Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2015
2014
Speech Commun., 2014
Shape-based modeling of the fundamental frequency contour for emotion detection in speech.
Comput. Speech Lang., 2014
Evaluation of syllable rate estimation in expressive speech and its contribution to emotion recognition.
Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop, 2014
Lipreading approach for isolated digits recognition under whisper and neutral speech.
Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2014
Building a naturalistic emotional speech corpus by retrieving expressive behaviors from existing speech corpora.
Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2014
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 2014
User Independent Gaze Estimation by Exploiting Similarity Measures in the Eye Pair Appearance Eigenspace.
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 2014
Proceedings of the Smart Mobile In-Vehicle Systems, Next Generation Advancements, 2014
2013
Modeling of Driver Behavior in Real World Scenarios Using Multiple Noninvasive Sensors.
IEEE Trans. Multim., 2013
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2013
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput., 2013
Energy and F0 contour modeling with functional data analysis for emotional speech detection.
Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2013
Evaluating the robustness of an appearance-based gaze estimation method for multimodal interfaces.
Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 2013
Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2013
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2013
Feature and model level compensation of lexical content for facial emotion recognition.
Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2013
Analysis and Compensation of the Reaction Lag of Evaluators in Continuous Emotional Annotations.
Proceedings of the 2013 Humaine Association Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 2013
2012
Generating Human-Like Behaviors Using Joint, Speech-Driven Models for Conversational Agents.
IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2012
Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2012
Indoor robotic terrain classification via angular velocity based hierarchical classifier selection.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2012
Factorizing speaker, lexical and emotional variabilities observed in facial expressions.
Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, 2012
A personalized emotion recognition system using an unsupervised feature adaptation scheme.
Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2012
2011
Speech Commun., 2011
Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2011
Analysis of driver behaviors during common tasks using frontal video camera and CAN-Bus information.
Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2011
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2011
Proceedings of the 19th European Signal Processing Conference, 2011
2010
Visual emotion recognition using compact facial representations and viseme information.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2010
2009
Analysis of Emotionally Salient Aspects of Fundamental Frequency for Emotion Detection.
IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2009
Modeling mutual influence of interlocutor emotion states in dyadic spoken interactions.
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2009
Proceedings of the Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction, 2009
2008
Lang. Resour. Evaluation, 2008
Scripted dialogs versus improvisation: lessons learned about emotional elicitation techniques from the IEMOCAP database.
Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2008
The expression and perception of emotions: comparing assessments of self versus others.
Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2008
2007
Interrelation Between Speech and Facial Gestures in Emotional Utterances: A Single Subject Study.
IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2007
IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2007
Multimodal Meeting Monitoring: Improvements on Speaker Tracking and Segmentation through a Modified Mixture Particle Filter.
Proceedings of the IEEE 9th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2007
Joint Analysis of the Emotional Fingerprint in the Face and Speech: A single subject study.
Proceedings of the IEEE 9th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, 2007
Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2007
Real-Time Monitoring of Participants' Interaction in a Meeting using Audio-Visual Sensors.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2007
2006
Modeling, estimating, and compensating low-bit rate coding distortion in speech recognition.
IEEE Trans. Speech Audio Process., 2006
2005
Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds, 2005
Investigating the role of phoneme-level modifications in emotional speech resynthesis.
Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, 2005
Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, 2005
2004
IEEE Trans. Multim., 2004
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGMM Workshop on Effective Telepresence, 2004
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 2004
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 2004
Analysis of emotion recognition using facial expressions, speech and multimodal information.
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, 2004