Bin Lei

According to our database, Bin Lei authored at least 100 papers between 2006 and 2024.

Collaborative distances:

• Dijkstra number of three.
• Erdős number of four.

2024

Task-Driven ADDIE-Twist Model With a Teach-Study Double-Helix Structure.

Liqi Lai, Luyao Wang, Rui Huang, Zoe Lin Jiang, Junbo Huang, Wenyue Shi, Bin Zhou, Renzhang Chen, Bin Lei, Junbin Fang

IEEE Trans. Educ., February, 2024

Attention-Based Monocular Depth Estimation Considering Global and Local Information in Remote Sensing Images.

Junwei Lv, Yueting Zhang, Jiayi Guo, Xin Zhao, Ming Gao, Bin Lei

Remote. Sens., February, 2024

Semantic surrounding projection for object height estimation using single-line lidar and image.

Yuan Xu, Lin Jiang, Zijiang Zhang, Bin Lei, Jun Jiang, Jianyang Zhu

Comput. Electr. Eng., January, 2024

ITNet: Low-Shot Instance Transformation Network for Weakly Supervised Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images.

Peng Liu, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei, Yuxin Hu

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2024

FALCON: Feedback-driven Adaptive Long/short-term memory reinforced Coding Optimization system.

Zeyuan Li, Yangfan He, Lewei He, Jianhui Wang, Tianyu Shi, Bin Lei, Yuchen Li, Qiuwu Chen

CoRR, 2024

AutoCoder: Enhancing Code Large Language Model with AIEV-Instruct.

Bin Lei, Yuchen Li, Qiuwu Chen

CoRR, 2024

MACM: Utilizing a Multi-Agent System for Condition Mining in Solving Complex Mathematical Problems.

Bin Lei

CoRR, 2024

FlashVideo: A Framework for Swift Inference in Text-to-Video Generation.

Bin Lei, Le Chen, Caiwen Ding

CoRR, 2024

Turbo: Efficient Communication Framework for Large-scale Data Processing Cluster.

Xuya Jia, Zhiyi Yao, Chao Peng, Zihao Zhao, Bin Lei, Edison Liu, Xiang Li, Zekun He, Yachen Wang, Xianneng Zou, Chongqing Zhao, Jinhui Chu, Jilong Wang, Congcong Miao

Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2024 Conference, 2024

2023

Multiobjective trajectory optimization of the wall-building robot based on RBF-NSGA-II in an uncertain viscoelastic contact environment.

Qingyi Shi, Zhaohui Wang, Xilin Ke, Zhongren Wang, Quanjie Gao, Yiwei Fan, Bin Lei, Pengmin Wu

J. Field Robotics, December, 2023

Single Object Tracking in Satellite Videos Based on Feature Enhancement and Multi-Level Matching Strategy.

Jianwei Yang, Zongxu Pan, Yuhan Liu, Ben Niu, Bin Lei

Remote. Sens., September, 2023

Neural Radiance Fields for High-Resolution Remote Sensing Novel View Synthesis.

Junwei Lv, Jiayi Guo, Yueting Zhang, Xin Zhao, Bin Lei

Remote. Sens., August, 2023

SiamMDM: An Adaptive Fusion Network With Dynamic Template for Real-Time Satellite Video Single Object Tracking.

Jianwei Yang, Zongxu Pan, Ziming Wang, Bin Lei, Yuxin Hu

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2023

APAFNet: Single-Frame Infrared Small Target Detection by Asymmetric Patch Attention Fusion.

Ziming Wang, Jianwei Yang, Zongxu Pan, Yuhan Liu, Bin Lei, Yuxin Hu

IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett., 2023

FRCD: Feature Refine Change Detection Network for Remote Sensing Images.

Zhewei Wang, Zongxu Pan, Yuxin Hu, Bin Lei

IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett., 2023

Open Set Domain Adaptation via Instance Affinity Metric and Fine-Grained Alignment for Remote Sensing Scene Classification.

Ben Niu, Zongxu Pan, Keyang Chen, Yuxin Hu, Bin Lei

IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett., 2023

Advanced Large Language Model (LLM)-Driven Verilog Development: Enhancing Power, Performance, and Area Optimization in Code Synthesis.

Kiran Thorat, Jiahui Zhao, Yaotian Liu, Hongwu Peng, Xi Xie, Bin Lei, Jeff Zhang, Caiwen Ding

CoRR, 2023

CompCodeVet: A Compiler-guided Validation and Enhancement Approach for Code Dataset.

Le Chen, Arijit Bhattacharjee, Nesreen K. Ahmed, Niranjan Hasabnis, Gal Oren, Bin Lei, Ali Jannesari

CoRR, 2023

Towards Zero Memory Footprint Spiking Neural Network Training.

Bin Lei, Sheng Lin, Pei-Hung Lin, Chunhua Liao, Caiwen Ding

CoRR, 2023

Boosting Logical Reasoning in Large Language Models through a New Framework: The Graph of Thought.

Bin Lei, Pei-Hung Lin, Chunhua Liao, Caiwen Ding

CoRR, 2023

Creating a Dataset for High-Performance Computing Code Translation: A Bridge Between HPC Fortran and C++.

Bin Lei, Caiwen Ding, Le Chen, Pei-Hung Lin, Chunhua Liao

CoRR, 2023

Creating a Dataset for High-Performance Computing Code Translation using LLMs: A Bridge Between OpenMP Fortran and C++.

Bin Lei, Caiwen Ding, Le Chen, Pei-Hung Lin, Chunhua Liao

Proceedings of the IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference, 2023

Neurogenesis Dynamics-inspired Spiking Neural Network Training Acceleration.

Shaoyi Huang, Haowen Fang, Kaleel Mahmood, Bowen Lei, Nuo Xu, Bin Lei, Yue Sun, Dongkuan Xu, Wujie Wen, Caiwen Ding

Proceedings of the 60th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, 2023

2022

Winner Takes All: A Superpixel Aided Voting Algorithm for Training Unsupervised PolSAR CNN Classifiers.

Yixin Zuo, Jiayi Guo, Yueting Zhang, Yuxin Hu, Bin Lei, Xiaolan Qiu, Chibiao Ding

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2022

FSANet: Feature-and-Spatial-Aligned Network for Tiny Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images.

Jixiang Wu, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei, Yuxin Hu

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2022

Multi-Representation Dynamic Adaptation Network for Remote Sensing Scene Classification.

Ben Niu, Zongxu Pan, Jixiang Wu, Yuxin Hu, Bin Lei

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2022

End-to-End Method With Transformer for 3-D Detection of Oil Tank From Single SAR Image.

Chao Ma, Yueting Zhang, Jiayi Guo, Yuxin Hu, Xiurui Geng, Fangfang Li, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2022

Remote Sensing Image Super-Resolution via Residual-Dense Hybrid Attention Network.

Bo Yu, Bin Lei, Jiayi Guo, Jiande Sun, Shengtao Li, Guangshuai Xie

Remote. Sens., 2022

A Comparative Study on Classification Features between High-Resolution and Polarimetric SAR Images through Unsupervised Classification Methods.

Junrong Qu, Xiaolan Qiu, Wei Wang, Zezhong Wang, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding

Remote. Sens., 2022

Efficient Traffic State Forecasting using Spatio-Temporal Network Dependencies: A Sparse Graph Neural Network Approach.

Bin Lei, Shaoyi Huang, Caiwen Ding, Monika Filipovska

CoRR, 2022

SAX-STGCN: Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolutional Networks for Traffic Flow Prediction.

Bin Lei, Peng Zhang, Yifei Suo, Na Li

IEEE Access, 2022

2021

HDEC-TFA: An Unsupervised Learning Approach for Discovering Physical Scattering Properties of Single-Polarized SAR Image.

Zhongling Huang, Mihai Datcu, Zongxu Pan, Xiaolan Qiu, Bin Lei

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2021

A SAR Target Image Simulation Method With DNN Embedded to Calculate Electromagnetic Reflection.

Shengren Niu, Xiaolan Qiu, Bin Lei, Kun Fu

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens., 2021

Unsupervised Classification of Polarimetric SAR Image Based on Geodesic Distance and Non-Gaussian Distribution Feature.

Junrong Qu, Xiaolan Qiu, Chibiao Ding, Bin Lei

Sensors, 2021

A Deep Vector Quantization Clustering Method for Polarimetric SAR Images.

Yixin Zuo, Jiayi Guo, Yueting Zhang, Bin Lei, Yuxin Hu, Mingzhi Wang

Remote. Sens., 2021

LR-TSDet: Towards Tiny Ship Detection in Low-Resolution Remote Sensing Images.

Jixiang Wu, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei, Yuxin Hu

Remote. Sens., 2021

Accurate Localization of Oil Tanks in Remote Sensing Images via FGMRST-Based CNN.

Han Jiang, Yueting Zhang, Jiayi Guo, Fangfang Li, Yuxin Hu, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding

Remote. Sens., 2021

Classification of Large-Scale High-Resolution SAR Images With Deep Transfer Learning.

Zhongling Huang, Corneliu Octavian Dumitru, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei, Mihai Datcu

IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett., 2021

2020

Parameter Extraction Based on Deep Neural Network for SAR Target Simulation.

Shengren Niu, Xiaolan Qiu, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding, Kun Fu

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2020

What, Where, and How to Transfer in SAR Target Recognition Based on Deep CNNs.

Zhongling Huang, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2020

GF-3 Polarimetric Data Quality Assessment Based on Automatic Extraction of Distributed Targets.

Songtao Shangguan, Xiaolan Qiu, Kun Fu, Bin Lei, Wen Hong

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens., 2020

Analyzing Indicators Affecting Commercial Property Value in Metro Station Accessible Area Using Walking Time Consumption: Case of Xi'an, China.

Zhen Cao, Xingliang Liu, Bin Lei, Changjiang Liu, Lizhu Jing

Complex., 2020

A Hybrid and Explainable Deep Learning Framework for SAR Images.

Zhongling Huang, Mihai Datcu, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2020

2019

Super-Resolution of Single Remote Sensing Image Based on Residual Dense Backprojection Networks.

Zongxu Pan, Wen Ma, Jiayi Guo, Bin Lei

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2019

Achieving Super-Resolution Remote Sensing Images via the Wavelet Transform Combined With the Recursive Res-Net.

Wen Ma, Zongxu Pan, Jiayi Guo, Bin Lei

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2019

Analysis of the Azimuth Ambiguity and Imaging Area Restriction for Circular SAR Based on the Back-Projection Algorithm.

Bang Du, Xiaolan Qiu, Lijia Huang, Songlin Lei, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding

Sensors, 2019

Super-Resolution of Remote Sensing Images via a Dense Residual Generative Adversarial Network.

Wen Ma, Zongxu Pan, Feng Yuan, Bin Lei

Remote. Sens., 2019

Polarimetric Calibration of the GaoFen-3 Mission Using Active Radar Calibrators and the Applicable Conditions of System Model for Radar Polarimeters.

WeiBin Liang, Zengzeng Jia, Xiaolan Qiu, Jun Hong, Qingjun Zhang, Bin Lei, Fan Zhang, Zhaoguo Deng, Aichun Wang

Remote. Sens., 2019

Extraction and Analysis of the Scattering Stability in Urban Areas Based on Dual-Polarization SAR Data.

Songtao Shangguan, Xiaolan Qiu, Jintao Yang, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding

IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett., 2019

A High-Efficiency Automatic $U$ -Distribution Segmentation Algorithm for PolSAR Images.

Dingsheng Hu, Anthony P. Doulgeris, Xiaolan Qiu, Bin Lei, Yan Jin

IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett., 2019

Intertidal area classification with generalized extreme value distribution and Markov random field in quad-polarimetric synthetic aperture radar imagery.

Tingting Jin, Xiao-qiang She, Xiaolan Qiu, Bin Lei

Frontiers Inf. Technol. Electron. Eng., 2019

An Approach of Feature Matching for Multi-Angle SAR Images of Man-Made Targets.

Yueting Zhang, Fangfang Li, Chibiao Ding, Bin Lei, Xiaolan Qiu

Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2019

On The Use of CNN for Automated Quality Assessment of GF-3 Polarimetric Data.

Songtao Shangguan, Xiaolan Qiu, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2019

Siamese Network Based Metric Learning for SAR Target Classification.

Zongxu Pan, Xianjie Bao, Yueting Zhang, Bowei Wang, Quanzhi An, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2019

Can a Deep Network Understand the Land Cover Across Sensors?

Zhongling Huang, Corneliu Octavian Dumitru, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei, Mihai Datcu

Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2019

Drboxlight: A Light Object Detection Model for Remote Sensing Applications.

Yizhao Gao, Lei Liu, Guowei Chen, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2019

SAR Image Simulation by Generative Adversarial Networks.

Xianjie Bao, Zongxu Pan, Lei Liu, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2019

2018

Multiple Mode SAR Raw Data Simulation and Parallel Acceleration for Gaofen-3 Mission.

Fan Zhang, Xiaojie Yao, Hanyuan Tang, Qiang Yin, Yuxin Hu, Bin Lei

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote. Sens., 2018

A Range Ambiguity Suppression Processing Method for Spaceborne SAR with Up and Down Chirp Modulation.

Xuejiao Wen, Xiaolan Qiu, Bing Han, Chibiao Ding, Bin Lei, Qi Chen

Sensors, 2018

A Preliminary Analysis of Wind Retrieval, Based on GF-3 Wave Mode Data.

Lei Wang, Bing Han, Xinzhe Yuan, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding, Yulin Yao, Qi Chen

Sensors, 2018

An Accurate Measurement Method for Azimuth Pointing of Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Antenna Beams Based on Ground Receiver.

WeiBin Liang, Zengzeng Jia, Lihong Kang, Jun Hong, Bin Lei, Qingjun Zhang, Qi Chen

Sensors, 2018

The GF-3 SAR Data Processor.

Bing Han, Chibiao Ding, Lihua Zhong, Jiayin Liu, Xiaolan Qiu, Yuxin Hu, Bin Lei

Sensors, 2018

Retrieval of Hyperspectral Surface Reflectance Based on Machine Learning.

Sijie Zhu, Bin Lei, Yirong Wu

Remote. Sens., 2018

Identification of Stable Backscattering Features, Suitable for Maintaining Absolute Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Radiometric Calibration of Sentinel-1.

Jintao Yang, Xiaolan Qiu, Chibiao Ding, Bin Lei

Remote. Sens., 2018

Feature Modeling of SAR Images for Aircrafts Based on Typical Structures.

Yueting Zhang, Chibiao Ding, Bin Lei, Fangfang Li, Xiaolan Qiu

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2018

A Design of the Complete Polarization Converter Using Dielectric Periodic Structures.

Yueting Zhang, Chibiao Ding, Bin Lei, Weihai Fang

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2018

Relaxation Labelling Based Land Masking in SAR Images.

Zongxu Pan, Lei Liu, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2018

Identity Regularized Sparse Representation for Automatic Target Recognition in Sar Images.

Zongxu Pan, Lei Liu, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2018

Salient Seed Extraction Based Target Detection in SAR Images.

Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2018

A Self-Calibration Method of Linear-Array CCD with Asynchronous Image for Optical Satellite.

Yuan-Yuan Ma, Tao Sun, Bin Lei, Zhi-Lin Xu

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2018

Super-Resolution of Remote Sensing Images Based on Transferred Generative Adversarial Network.

Wen Ma, Zongxu Pan, Jiayi Guo, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2018

Can SAR Images and Optical Images Transfer with Each Other?

Lei Liu, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2018

Inshore Ship Detection in Sar Images Based on Deep Neural Networks.

Lei Liu, Guowei Chen, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei, Quanzhi An

Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2018

2017

Unsupervised Mixture-Eliminating Estimation of Equivalent Number of Looks for PolSAR Data.

Dingsheng Hu, Stian Normann Anfinsen, Xiaolan Qiu, Anthony Paul Doulgeris, Bin Lei

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens., 2017

Fast Vessel Detection in Gaofen-3 SAR Images with Ultrafine Strip-Map Mode.

Zongxu Pan, Lei Liu, Xiaolan Qiu, Bin Lei

Sensors, 2017

An Improved Shape Contexts Based Ship Classification in SAR Images.

Jiwei Zhu, Xiaolan Qiu, Zongxu Pan, Yueting Zhang, Bin Lei

Remote. Sens., 2017

Transfer Learning with Deep Convolutional Neural Network for SAR Target Classification with Limited Labeled Data.

Zhongling Huang, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei

Remote. Sens., 2017

Automatic Color Correction for Multisource Remote Sensing Images with Wasserstein CNN.

Jiayi Guo, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding

Remote. Sens., 2017

Projection Shape Template-Based Ship Target Recognition in TerraSAR-X Images.

Jiwei Zhu, Xiaolan Qiu, Zongxu Pan, Yueting Zhang, Bin Lei

IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett., 2017

Airplane Recognition in TerraSAR-X Images via Scatter Cluster Extraction and Reweighted Sparse Representation.

Zongxu Pan, Xiaolan Qiu, Zhongling Huang, Bin Lei

IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett., 2017

Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Synthesis by Using Generative Adversarial Nets.

Jiayi Guo, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding, Yueting Zhang

IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett., 2017

Learning a Rotation Invariant Detector with Rotatable Bounding Box.

Lei Liu, Zongxu Pan, Bin Lei

CoRR, 2017

An iterative method for shadow enhancement in high resolution SAR images.

Yueting Zhang, Qi Liu, Jiayi Guo, Lei Liu, Zongxu Pan, Fangfang Li, Chibiao Ding, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2017

Improving the metric for evaluating cnns in SAR ATR applications by saliency maps.

Jiayi Guo, Bin Lei, Chibiao Ding, Yueting Zhang

Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2017

2016

The shadow enhancement for targets with flat structures in SAR images.

Yueting Zhang, Xiaolan Qiu, Bin Lei, Kun Fu, Fangfang Li, Chibiao Ding

Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2016

A fast automatic U-distribution segmentation algorithm for polsar images.

Dingsheng Hu, Anthony P. Doulgeris, Xiaolan Qiu, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2016

A Novel InSAR phase denoising method via nonlocal wavelet shrinkage.

Dongsheng Fang, Xiaolei Lv, Bin Lei

Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2016

Swarm Robots Formation Control Based on Wireless Sensor Network.

Bin Lei, Hao Chen

Proceedings of the Internet and Distributed Computing Systems, 2016

2015

Efficient Similarity Join Based on Earth Mover's Distance Using MapReduce.

Jia Xu, Bin Lei, Yu Gu, Marianne Winslett, Ge Yu, Zhenjie Zhang

IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng., 2015

Consensus algorithm with input constraints for swarm robots formation control.

Bin Lei, Hao Chen, Liangcai Zeng, Quanjie Gao

Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control, 2015

Second-order consensus algorithm with input constraints for swarm robots formation control.

Hao Chen, Quanjie Gao, Bin Lei, Liangcai Zeng

Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, 2015

2010

Robustness testing for software components.

Bin Lei, Xuandong Li, Zhiming Liu, Charles Morisset, Volker Stolz

Sci. Comput. Program., 2010

2008

State Based Robustness Testing for Components.

Bin Lei, Zhiming Liu, Charles Morisset, Xuandong Li

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Formal Aspects of Component Software, 2008

Flocking algorithm for multi-robots formation control with a target steering agent.

Bin Lei, Wenfeng Li, Fan Zhang

Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, 2008

UML state machine diagram driven runtime verification of Java programs for message interaction consistency.

Xuandong Li, Xiaokang Qiu, Linzhang Wang, Bin Lei, W. Eric Wong

Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC), 2008

UML Activity Diagram Based Testing of Java Concurrent Programs for Data Race and Inconsistency.

Bin Lei, Linzhang Wang, Xuandong Li

Proceedings of the First International Conference on Software Testing, 2008

Formation Control for Multi-robots Based on Flocking Algorithm.

Bin Lei, Wenfeng Li

Proceedings of the Intelligent Robotics and Applications, First International Conference, 2008

Stable flocking algorithm for multi-robot systems formation control.

Bin Lei, Wenfeng Li, Fan Zhang

Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2008

2006

Improve Model Checking Efficiency Using Specific Knowledge about the System.

Jianhua Zhao, Bin Lei, Xuandong Li, Guoliang Zheng

Proceedings of the Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, 2006

Runtime Verification of Java Programs for Scenario-Based Specifications.

Xuandong Li, Linzhang Wang, Xiaokang Qiu, Bin Lei, Jiesong Yuan, Jianhua Zhao, Guoliang Zheng

Proceedings of the Reliable Software Technologies, 2006